These illustrations serve to underscore the distinction between CE and energy efficiency, especially in the context of energy conversion efficiency in battery energy storage applications. More specifically, for the ideal 100% energy efficiency in (a), the charge/discharge curves are perfectly symmetrical, meaning that the stored lithium …
اقرأ أكثر
Electric vehicles (EVs) use electricity as their primary fuel or to improve the effciency of conventional vehicle designs. EVs include all-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In colloquial references, these vehicles are called electric cars, or simply EVs, even ...
اقرأ أكثر
The energy management strategy (EMS) commands the power split between the power sources and is crucial to the hybrid vehicles. In this work, we propose an adaptive EMS based on Pontryagin''s Minimal Principle for a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle, in which the co-state adaptation is performed by driving cycle prediction.
اقرأ أكثر
Electric traction motor (FCEV): Using power from the fuel cell and the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle''s wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration …
اقرأ أكثر
Key learnings: Battery Working Principle Definition: A battery works by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through the oxidation and reduction reactions of an electrolyte with metals.; Electrodes and Electrolyte: The battery uses two dissimilar metals (electrodes) and an electrolyte to create a potential difference, with the …
اقرأ أكثر
The Basics of Solar Battery. At the most basic level, battery storage allows power produced by a solar system to be stored for use at a later time. All solar systems produce power at different times than homeowners use it. Solar systems will typically overproduce during the middle of the day compared to what the homeowner needs.
اقرأ أكثر
With V2G, as all the energy storage systems, EVs battery can be used not only as back up resource but also to improve the power quality, the stability and the …
اقرأ أكثر
The battery with high-energy density and ultracapacitor with high-power density combination paves a way to overcome the challenges in energy storage system. This study aims at highlighting the various hybrid energy storage system configurations such as parallel passive, active, battery–UC, and UC–battery topologies.
اقرأ أكثر
Pontryagin''s Minimum Principle (PMP) has a significant computational advantage over dynamic programming for energy management issues of hybrid electric vehicles. However, minimizing the total energy consumption for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on PMP is not always a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP), as the optimal solution of a …
اقرأ أكثر
3. MAIN FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT: Convert stored chemical power into mechanical power, to drive a vehicle, in a useful and environmentally sound way. DESIGN PARAMETER: Hybrid Electric Vehicle. A system including batteries, electrical motors, a generator, and a second source of torque with its fuel source. The second source of …
اقرأ أكثر
Optimal control ideas based on Pontryagin''s Minimum Principle (PMP) have become mature techniques for maximizing the fuel efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). The outstanding performance of this control concept has already been verified in many studies, in which the PMP-based …
اقرأ أكثر
A method based on the two-dimensional Pontryagin''s minimums principle (PMP) is proposed to get the global optimal strategy. When compared to a plug-in hybrid …
اقرأ أكثر
energy consumption rate and battery deterioration rate than the rule-based method. Keywords: electric vehicle; hybrid energy storage system; energy management strategy; Pontryagin''s minimums principle; battery degradation 1. Introduction The development of
اقرأ أكثر
Temperature affects the battery aging and stability, bringing about significant effects on the electric vehicle''s economy, reliability, and safety. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the battery thermal condition when designing the power management scheme. In this article, an optimal power management strategy (PMS) for plug-in hybrid …
اقرأ أكثر
The energy storage system (ESS) is a principal part of an electric vehicle (EV), in which battery is the most predominant component. The advent of new ESS technologies and power electronic converters have led to considerable growth of EV market in recent years [1], [2] .
اقرأ أكثر
Key learnings: Battery Working Principle Definition: A battery works by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through the oxidation and reduction reactions of an electrolyte with metals. …
اقرأ أكثر
Hierarchical energy management for the plug-in HEV. The energy management system of the plug-in HEV can be divided into two layers. The upper level is for controlling the energy between the APU and HESS, and the lower level is for controlling the energy between the battery and ultracapacitor. 2.2.1. Upper level control strategy
اقرأ أكثر
AEVs use a traction battery pack (usually a lithium-ion battery) to store the electricity the motor uses to drive the vehicle''s wheels. The traction battery pack is the part of the car that is plugged in and recharged, and its efficiency helps determine the vehicle''s overall range. In plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, a traction battery pack ...
اقرأ أكثر
Based on the Matlab/Simulink simulation models, This research focused on the application of Pontryagin''s Minimum Principle in the energy management design of plug-in hybrid electric bus. This paper offers brief introduction of Minimum Principle, definition of specific problem, realization of this principle in Matlab environment and the …
اقرأ أكثر
To overcome the temporary power shortage, many electrical energy storage technologies have been developed, such as pumped hydroelectric storage 2,3, battery 4,5,6,7, capacitor and supercapacitor 8 ...
اقرأ أكثر
Index Terms—Battery, energy storage, fuel cell (FC), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEVs (PHEVs), ultracapac-itor (UC). I. INTRODUCTION T IS ESTIMATED that current global petroleum …
اقرأ أكثر
With the optimal strategy, the battery degradation is significantly reduced, and the total cost is reduced by 21.7% compared with a plug-in hybrid electric bus with single type energy storage.
اقرأ أكثر
The key challenge in energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is how to macroscopically plan the battery energy considering trip information while microscopically distributing the torque between power sources to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid propulsion system. Nowadays, future partial trip information can be …
اقرأ أكثر
To improve computational efficiency of energy management strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), this paper proposes a stochastic model …
اقرأ أكثر
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which combines the functionalities of supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, has been widely studied to extend the batteries'' lifespan.The battery degradation cost and the electricity cost should be simultaneously considered in the HESS optimization.However, the continuous decline in …
اقرأ أكثر
Battery work on the principle of conversion of electrical energy from chemical energy but due to the electric double layer (EDL) effect SC can directly accumulate the electrical energy. SC can be charged and discharged at a very high specific current …
اقرأ أكثر
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor, as well as another fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, to power an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source. PHEVs can charge their batteries through charging equipment and regenerative braking.
اقرأ أكثر
Vehicle-to-grid, or V2G for short, is a technology that enables energy to be pushed back to the power grid from the battery of an electric vehicle (EV). With V2G technology, an EV battery can be discharged based on different signals – such as energy production or consumption nearby. V2G technology powers bi-directional charging, which makes ...
اقرأ أكثر
This paper has presented a fuzzy logic controller for plug-in supercapacitor modules thoughtfully designed for easy upgrade of battery-alone storage systems to battery-supercapacitor HESS. Through an adequate control of supercapacitors that contribute in the supply of both high and low frequency currents, the proposed EMS …
اقرأ أكثر
One of the major factors driving down the impact of second use under these assumptions is the large anticipated reduction in future battery costs (70%). With the planned efforts to ramp up automotive battery production between 2010 and 2015 [18], it is reasonable to assume that future batteries will be a relatively mature product and that …
اقرأ أكثر